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Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. One of the best characterized stimulus-induced transcription factors is cyclic AMP (cAMP) responsive element binding ...

Transcription_Receptor-mediated HIF regulation [score: 1 (0%)]

Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induce Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A) [1], [2] and HIF-induced Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression [1], ...

Immune response_IL-2 activation and signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a T-Cell-derived cytokine important in the regulation of growth and differentiation of T-Cells, B-Cells, natural killer cells, glioma cells, and cells of the monocyte lineage.

IL-2 signaling is mediated by a multichain IL-2 receptor complex consisting ...

Immune response_IL-4 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a T cell derived multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. IL-4 induces Th2 (T helper 2) differentiation, causes macrophage suppression, and stimulates B cell production of Immunoglobulins E, G1 and G4 (IgE, ...

Immune response _IFN gamma signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that mediate anti-viral responses, inhibit proliferation and participate in immune surveillance and tumor suppression by inducing the transcription of a number of IFN-stimulated genes. The IFN family includes two main classes of related cytokines, type ...

Development_Role of HDAC and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) in control of skeletal myogenesis [score: 1 (0%)]

There are two families of transcription factors that play pivotal roles during mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. One of them includes MyoD family proteins (also called myogenic regulatory factors or MRFs), with four members Myf5, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD), Myogenin (MYOG), ...

Development_EGFR signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases that contains four closely related members EGFR and ERBB2-4. They couple the binding of the extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways that regulate diverse ...

Development_VEGF-family signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of ligands and receptors is crucial for vascular development and neovascularization in physiological and pathological processes in both embryos, and in adults [1].

VEGFs belong to a family of homodimeric glycoproteins ...

Cytoskeleton remodeling_FAK signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

The biological importance of PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2, or Focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1)-mediated signal transduction is underscored by the fact that this tyrosine kinase plays a fundamental role in embryonic development, in control of cell migration, cell cycle progression, and in apoptosis.

Binding ...

G-protein signaling_G-Protein alpha-12 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Activation by ligands of G-protein coupled receptors that interact with the trimeric G-protein alpha-12/beta/gamma causes the exchange of GDP for GTP bound to G protein alpha subunits followed by dissociation of the beta/gamma heterodimers. Free alpha and beta/gamma subunits are active and ...

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