Protein biosynthesis is largely governed by a cohort of Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF) that mediate specific steps in the initiation process. A rate-limiting step in translation initiation involves formation of the eIF4F complex that recruits ...

Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF2) is a G-protein that is composed of 3 non-identical subunits, eIF2S1, eIF2S2 and eIF2S3, and catalyzes the first regulated step of protein synthesis initiation, promoting the binding of the initiator tRNA to 40S ribosomal ...

Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor which induces cell dissociation, migration, protection from apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation [1]. Receptor Met proto-oncogene (HGF receptor (Met)) has tyrosine-kinase ...

VEGF family of ligands and receptors is crucial for vascular development and neovascularization in physiological and pathological processes in both embryo and adult. VEGFR-2 is a high-affinity receptor for VEGF-A. Activated VEGFR-2 can activate p38 MAPK, PI3K reg class IA/ ...

The ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of four closely related members: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also known as ERBB1), v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, 3 and 4 (ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4). Binding of extracellular ...

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of ligands and receptors is crucial for vascular development and neovascularization in physiological and pathological processes in both embryo and adult [1]. VEGFs denote a family of homodimeric glycoproteins that currently ...

Myocyte enhancer factors 2 (MEF2) is a family of muscle-enriched transcription factors that have an essential role in myogenesis. In addition, MEF2 is also expressed at high levels in neurons and lymphocytes, where it serves as a regulator of neuronal and immune cell differentiation ...

Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and to a lesser extent by numerous extrapituitary tissues. This hormone affects a great amount of physiological processes [1]. Numerous biological functions have been attributed to this hormone's ...

Efficient and coordinated synthesis of the second messengers, including Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), Diacylglycerol (DAG), and Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3), is necessary for normal cell functioning. Production of secondary messengers is regulated ...

Thrombopoietin is a hormone involved in biological effects on a broad spectrum of hematopoietic progenitor cells, including stem cells. It supports stem cell survival and expansion. It is primarily a key physiological regulator of steady-state megakaryocytopoiesis, the process of megakaryocyte ...