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Immune response_MIF in innate immunity response [score: 1 (0%)]
The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and
lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly
released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines.
MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...
Regulation of lipid metabolism_Insulin signaling:generic cascades [score: 1 (0%)]
The binding of Insulin to the extracellular domain of the
Insulin receptor results in the activation of the tyrosine
kinase activity of the receptor. Following the autophosphorylation, the
Insulin receptor phosphorylates a number of intracellular
substrates to initiate a series ...
Tyrosine metabolism p.1 (dopamine) [score: 1 (0%)]
(L)-Tyrosine is a non-essential
aminoacid that is synthesized in mammals from
(L)-Phenylalanine by Phenylalanine hydroxylase
(PAH) [1].
(L)-Tyrosine, as other proteogenic aminoacids, conjugates
with corresponding tRNA forming ...
Androstenedione and testosterone biosynthesis and metabolism p.1 [score: 1 (0%)]
Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced
as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen
Testosterone and the estrogens
Estrone and Estradiol.
Androstenedione originates either from the conversion of
Dehydroepiandrosterone ...
Estradiol metabolism [score: 1 (0%)]
Endogenous and exogenous estrogens undergo oxidative metabolism by hepatic microsomal
cytochrome P-450. Aromatic hydroxylation at either the C2 or C4 position is a major route
of Estradiol metabolism in humans and other mammals,
although there is less 4-hydroxylation than 2-hydroxylation. ...
Estrone metabolism [score: 1 (0%)]
Endogenous and exogenous estrogens undergo oxidative metabolism by hepatic microsomal
cytochrome P-450. Aromatic hydroxylation at either the C2 or C4 position is a major route
of Estrone metabolism in humans and other mammals, although
there are less 4-hydroxylation than 2-hydroxylation events. ...
Retinol metabolism [score: 1 (0%)]
Key enzymes involved in retinoid metabolisms are alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases
that convert retinols to aldehydes and aldehydes to carboxylic acids, respectively. The
first oxidation reaction is catalyzed by a large number of enzymes from the
Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family), and by classic ...
Glutathione metabolism [score: 1 (0%)]
Glutathione can be found in the cell in oxidized (Glutathione
disulfide) and reduced (Glutathione) form.
Reduced glutathione can be either directly formed from Glutathione
disulfide as the result of activity of Glutathione reductase
(GSHR) [1], ...
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (short map) [score: 1 (0%)]
D-Glucose is the major energy source for mammalian cells
as well as an important substrate for protein and lipid synthesis. Mammalian cells take
up D-Glucose from extracellular fluid into the cell through
two families of structurally related glucose transporters. Solute carrier family ...
Neurophysiological process_PGE2-induced pain processing [score: 1 (0%)]
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a
crucial mediator of inflammatory pain sensitization. Prostaglandin
E2 is produced in response to inflammation both in peripheral inflamed
tissues and in the spinal cord [1].
Activation of the cytosolic phospholipase ...
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