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Apoptosis and survival_TNFR1 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a potent
cytokine produced by many cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes,
keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in response to inflammation, infection, injury and other
environmental challenges. TNF-alpha elicits a particularly
broad ...
Immune response_IL-6 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced
by various types of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes,
fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, mesangial cells and several tumor cells.
IL-6 provokes a broad range of cellular and physiological
responses, ...
Immune response_MIF in innate immunity response [score: 1 (0%)]
The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and
lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly
released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines.
MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...
Signal transduction_JNK pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The Mitogen-activated protein kinases 8-10
(JNK(MAPK8-10)) belong to a sub-group of evolutionarily
conserved mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activated primarily by cytokines,
growth factors and by exposure to environmental stress. JNK(MAPK8-10)
activity is regulated through ...
Immune response_TLR signaling pathways [score: 1 (0%)]
Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate
innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules,
mainly chemokines and cytokines [1]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate
signaling cascades through ...
Immune response_IL-1 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages,
endothelial cells, B cells and fibroblasts. IL-1 stimulates a broad spectrum of immune
and inflammatory responses [1], [2].
There are two forms of ...
Apoptosis and survival_Lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling [score: 1 (0%)]
Lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTBR), a member of the tumor
necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is essential for the development and organization
of secondary lymphoid tissue. The LTBR binds specific
ligands, such as the membrane form of lymphotoxin heterotrimer, Lymphotoxin-Alpha1Beta2
(TNF-beta/LTB ...
Immune response_MIF-mediated glucocorticoid regulation [score: 1 (0%)]
Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive agents. They inhibit synthesis of almost all known cytokines, enzymes
involved in the inflammatory process and several cell surface molecules required for
immune function. Glucocorticoids mediate these effects via
the ...
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