The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines. MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules, mainly chemokines and cytokines [1]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate signaling cascades through ...