Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by various types of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, mesangial cells and several tumor cells. IL-6 provokes a broad range of cellular and physiological responses, ...

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines. MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules, mainly chemokines and cytokines [1]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate signaling cascades through ...

There are two forms of ...

Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. They inhibit synthesis of almost all known cytokines, enzymes involved in the inflammatory process and several cell surface molecules required for immune function. Glucocorticoids mediate these effects via the ...