The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a potent cytokine produced by many cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in response to inflammation, infection, injury and other environmental challenges. TNF-alpha elicits a particularly broad ...

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) was initially detected in cells of the central nervous system and is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease [1]. Since then, APP has been found in peripheral organs where it plays a variety of ...