The Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory responses through the regulation of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, growth factors and inducible enzymes. Transcription factors ...

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a potent cytokine produced by many cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in response to inflammation, infection, injury and other environmental challenges. ...

Complement components are designated either by numerals (C1-C9), letter symbols (e.g., Complement ...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by various types of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, ...

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes constitutively ...

The Mitogen-activated protein kinases 8-10 (JNK(MAPK8-10)) belong to a sub-group of evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activated primarily by cytokines, growth factors and by exposure to environmental stress. JNK(MAPK8-10) activity ...

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The PPAR group consists of ...

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules, mainly chemokines ...

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages, endothelial cells, B cells and fibroblasts. IL-1 stimulates a broad spectrum of immune and inflammatory ...

Complement components are designated by numerals (C1-C9), by letter symbols (e.g., ...