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Protein Regulatory Pathways
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Transcription_NF-kB signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) plays a crucial role
in immune and inflammatory responses through the regulation of genes encoding
pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, growth factors and inducible
enzymes. Transcription factors of the NF-kB family are
activated ...
Apoptosis and survival_TNFR1 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a potent
cytokine produced by many cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes,
keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in response to inflammation, infection, injury and other
environmental challenges. TNF-alpha elicits a particularly
broad ...
Immune response_Alternative complement pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Complement system is a major effector of humoral branch of the immune system, acting
to protect the host from microorganisms, such as bacteria.
Complement components are designated either by numerals
(C1-C9), letter symbols (e.g.,
Complement factor I (Factor I)), or by ...
Immune response_IL-6 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced
by various types of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes,
fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, mesangial cells and several tumor cells.
IL-6 provokes a broad range of cellular and physiological
responses, ...
Immune response_MIF in innate immunity response [score: 1 (0%)]
The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and
lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly
released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines.
MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...
Signal transduction_JNK pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The Mitogen-activated protein kinases 8-10
(JNK(MAPK8-10)) belong to a sub-group of evolutionarily
conserved mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activated primarily by cytokines,
growth factors and by exposure to environmental stress. JNK(MAPK8-10)
activity is regulated through ...
Transcription_PPAR Pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are
ligand-inducible transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor
superfamily. The PPAR group consists of three types:
PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta(delta)
and PPAR-gamma. They have some differences ...
Immune response_TLR signaling pathways [score: 1 (0%)]
Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate
innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules,
mainly chemokines and cytokines [1]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate
signaling cascades through ...
Immune response_IL-1 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages,
endothelial cells, B cells and fibroblasts. IL-1 stimulates a broad spectrum of immune
and inflammatory responses [1], [2].
There are two forms of ...
Immune response_Lectin induced complement pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The complement system is the major effector of the humoral branch of the immune
system, acting to protect the host from microorganisms such as bacteria.
Complement components are designated by numerals
(C1-C9), by letter symbols
(e.g., Complement factor I (Factor I)), ...
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