DNA damage checkpoints are biochemical pathways that delay or arrest the cell cycle progression in response to the DNA damage. All eukaryotic cells have four phases within the cell cycle, G1, S, G2, and M, and one outside, ...

DNA damage-dependent activation of the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility protein 1 (Brca1) occurs via activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine-protein kinase (ATM) [1] or ataxia telangiectasia ...