Retinoid receptors are asymmetrically oriented Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/ Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers that bind to specific DNA sequences or Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoters of a large number of retinoid-target genes [1], [2], ...

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) activates Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-KB) via Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1(MAP3K1))-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor of kappa ...

Both the Hedgehog and the Parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) signaling pathways take part in bone and cartilage development (12082161): Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHrP) stimulates osteogenic cell proliferation [1]; Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) ...

Activins are the members of the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily which participate in regulation of several biological processes, including cell differentiation and cell ...