Retinoid receptors are asymmetrically oriented Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/ Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers that bind to specific DNA sequences or Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoters of a large number of retinoid-target genes [1], [2], ...

Androgen is the active metabolic product, 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone, which is produced from the transformation of Testosterone catalyzed by the Steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptides 1 and 2 (S5AR1 and S5AR2) [1], [2]. ...

Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) is a major ligand-activated transcription factor, member of the family nuclear receptors [1]. ESR1 acts via two main pathways: a ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manner [2]. Activated by a ligand, ESR1 ...

In addition to the conventional hormone-dependent regulation of activity of Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ESR1(nuclear) and ESR2 respectively), there is a cross-talk between signal transduction pathways and estrogen receptors [1]. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), ...

Activins are the members of the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily which participate in regulation of several biological processes, including cell differentiation and cell ...

Androgen and Estrogen receptors (Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear)) function as steroid-hormone activated transcription factors. Upon binding the hormone ligand, receptors dissociate from accessory proteins, translocate into the nucleus, dimerize, and then stimulate transcription ...

Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) is a transcription factor involved in gene expression in the early development of an organism. It belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA ...

V-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) is a multifunctional, nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation. c-Myc controls the transcription of a variety of different targets and regulates different processes, ...

Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a group of phylogenetically unrelated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of a diverse group of genes. Hepatocyte nuclear factors are expressed predominately in the liver. However, HNFs are also expressed and play important roles in a number ...

cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) is a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins. CREB1 binds as a homodimer to the cAMP-responsive element, an octameric palindrome. CREB1 is phosphorylated by several protein kinases, ...