Retinoid receptors are asymmetrically oriented Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/ Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers that bind to specific DNA sequences or Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoters of a large number of retinoid-target genes [1], [2], ...

Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. One of the best characterized stimulus-induced transcription factors is cyclic AMP (cAMP) responsive element binding ...

The Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory responses through the regulation of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, growth factors and inducible enzymes. Transcription factors of the NF-kB family are activated ...

The Tumor protein p53 (p53) plays a critical role in safeguarding the integrity of the genome. Upon activation, p53 binds to the enhancer/promoter elements of downstream target genes and regulates their transcription, through which it initiates cellular programs that account for most ...

Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induce Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A) [1], [2] and HIF-induced Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression [1], ...

There are two families of transcription factors that play pivotal roles during mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. One of them includes MyoD family proteins (also called myogenic regulatory factors or MRFs), with four members Myf5, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD), Myogenin (MYOG), ...

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) activates Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-KB) via Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1(MAP3K1))-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor of kappa ...

Myocyte enhancer factors 2 (MEF2) is a family of muscle-enriched transcription factors that have an essential role in myogenesis. In addition, MEF2 is also expressed at high levels in neurons and lymphocytes, where it serves as a regulator of neuronal and immune cell differentiation ...

The G1/S cell cycle ...

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The PPAR group consists of three types: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta(delta) and PPAR-gamma. They have some differences ...