There are two families of transcription factors that play pivotal roles during mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. One of them includes MyoD family proteins (also called myogenic regulatory factors or MRFs), with four members Myf5, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD), Myogenin (MYOG), ...

Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-proteins) are heterotrimeric signaling molecules composed of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, which dissociate receptor-induced exchange on the alpha subunit and beta/gamma heterodimer subunit. The G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate diverse ...

TGF-beta 1 initiates ...

Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor which induces cell dissociation, migration, protection from apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation [1]. Receptor Met proto-oncogene (HGF receptor (Met)) has tyrosine-kinase ...

Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and to a lesser extent by numerous extrapituitary tissues. This hormone affects a great amount of physiological processes [1]. Numerous biological functions have been attributed to this hormone's ...

Leptin, the polypeptide product of the ob gene, acts on the brain to regulate energy balance. It is hormone, composed of 167 amino acid residues and produced almost exclusively in adipose tissue. More-recent studies have revealed additional pleiotrophic functions of Leptin, including ...

In addition to the conventional hormone-dependent regulation of activity of Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ESR1(nuclear) and ESR2 respectively), there is a cross-talk between signal transduction pathways and estrogen receptors [1]. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), ...

Growth hormone (GH or Somatotropin) is a major growth-promoting and metabolic regulatory hormone. Interaction of Somatotropin with Growth hormone receptor (GHR), by virtue of receptor dimerization, causes activation of GHR associated cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase ...

Endothelin-1, a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, exerts a growth-promoting effect on vascular smooth muscle cells, implicating its pathogenic role in vascular remodeling. Endothelin-1 action is initiated by its binding to Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) ...