There are two families of transcription factors that play pivotal roles during mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. One of them includes MyoD family proteins (also called myogenic regulatory factors or MRFs), with four members Myf5, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD), Myogenin (MYOG), ...

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) activates Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-KB) via Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1(MAP3K1))-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor of kappa ...

Both the Hedgehog and the Parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) signaling pathways take part in bone and cartilage development (12082161): Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHrP) stimulates osteogenic cell proliferation [1]; Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) ...

Osteoporosis is a common disease affecting the majority of older women and a significant minority of older men. It is defined as the gradual reduction in bone strength with advancing age, particularly in post-menopause women. Osteoporosis is one of the major and growing health care problems around ...

In addition to the conventional hormone-dependent regulation of activity of Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ESR1(nuclear) and ESR2 respectively), there is a cross-talk between signal transduction pathways and estrogen receptors [1]. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), ...

Activins are the members of the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily which participate in regulation of several biological processes, including cell differentiation and cell ...

Pigmentation in mammals is stimulated mainly by Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and ...

Androgen and Estrogen receptors (Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear)) function as steroid-hormone activated transcription factors. Upon binding the hormone ligand, receptors dissociate from accessory proteins, translocate into the nucleus, dimerize, and then stimulate transcription ...

Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) is a transcription factor involved in gene expression in the early development of an organism. It belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA ...

V-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) is a multifunctional, nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation. c-Myc controls the transcription of a variety of different targets and regulates different processes, ...