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Development_IGF-1 receptor signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

The insulin-like growth factor system (IGF system) comprises two receptors: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1 receptor) and IGF-IIR with their respective ligands: Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and six high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IBP).

The ...

Development_Prolactin receptor signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and to a lesser extent by numerous extrapituitary tissues. This hormone affects a great amount of physiological processes [1]. Numerous biological functions have been attributed to this hormone's ...

Development_Hedgehog and PTH signaling pathways in bone and cartilage development [score: 1 (0%)]

Both the Hedgehog and the Parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) signaling pathways take part in bone and cartilage development (12082161): Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHrP) stimulates osteogenic cell proliferation [1]; Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) ...

Development_A2A receptor signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

Adenosine is a potent biological mediator that affects numerous cell types, including neuronal cells, platelets, neutrophils and smooth muscle cells. Currently, four adenosine receptor subtypes have been identified: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Adenosine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor ...

Development_A3 receptor signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

Adenosine is a potent biological mediator that affects numerous cell types including neural cells, platelets, neutrophils and smooth muscle cells. Currently, four adenosine receptor subtypes have been identified: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Adenosine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that ...

Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis [score: 1 (0%)]

Osteoporosis is a common disease affecting the majority of older women and a significant minority of older men. It is defined as the gradual reduction in bone strength with advancing age, particularly in post-menopause women. Osteoporosis is one of the major and growing health care problems around ...

Development_Leptin signaling via JAK/STAT and MAPK cascades [score: 1 (0%)]

Leptin, the polypeptide product of the ob gene, acts on the brain to regulate energy balance. It is hormone, composed of 167 amino acid residues and produced almost exclusively in adipose tissue. More-recent studies have revealed additional pleiotrophic functions of Leptin, including ...

Development_Ligand-independent activation of ESR1 and ESR2 [score: 1 (0%)]

In addition to the conventional hormone-dependent regulation of activity of Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ESR1(nuclear) and ESR2 respectively), there is a cross-talk between signal transduction pathways and estrogen receptors [1]. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), ...

Development_Growth hormone signaling via PI3K/AKT and MAPK cascades [score: 1 (0%)]

Growth hormone (GH or Somatotropin) is a major growth-promoting and metabolic regulatory hormone. Interaction of Somatotropin with Growth hormone receptor (GHR), by virtue of receptor dimerization, causes activation of GHR associated cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase ...

Development_Endothelin-1/EDNRA transactivation of EGFR [score: 1 (0%)]

Endothelin-1, a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, exerts a growth-promoting effect on vascular smooth muscle cells, implicating its pathogenic role in vascular remodeling. Endothelin-1 action is initiated by its binding to Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) ...

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