Retinoid receptors are asymmetrically oriented Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/ Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers that bind to specific DNA sequences or Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoters of a large number of retinoid-target genes [1], [2], ...

Key enzymes involved in retinoid metabolisms are alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases that convert retinols to aldehydes and aldehydes to carboxylic acids, respectively. The first oxidation reaction is catalyzed by a large number of enzymes from the Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family), and by classic ...