Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways regulate a variety of physiological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. To date, three MAPK pathways have been characterized in detail. The extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is activated by a large ...

RAC-alpha serine/threonine kinases (AKTs) are crucial mediators of various cellular process, such as apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, protein synthesis and regulation of metabolism. The activity of AKT is modulated by various proteins, including Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), Phosphoinositide-dependent ...

Protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA) is an enzyme playing key role in a number of cellular processes. In its inactivated state, PKA exists as a tetrameric complex of two catalytic subunits (PKA-cat alpha and PKA-cat beta) and two regulatory subunits (PKA-reg) (alpha ...

PTEN antagonizes Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), ...

Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) is a transcription factor involved in gene expression in the early development of an organism. It belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA ...

cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) is a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins. CREB1 binds as a homodimer to the cAMP-responsive element, an octameric palindrome. CREB1 is phosphorylated by several protein kinases, ...