Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways regulate a variety of physiological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. To date, three MAPK pathways have been characterized in detail. The extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is activated by a large ...

Estradiol exerts an anti-apoptotic effect on a wide variety of tissues. Estradiol as classical steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane, activates ESR1 ...