Retinoid receptors are asymmetrically oriented Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/ Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers that bind to specific DNA sequences or Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the promoters of a large number of retinoid-target genes [1], [2], ...

Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. One of the best characterized stimulus-induced transcription factors is cyclic AMP (cAMP) responsive element binding ...

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The PPAR group consists of three types: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta(delta) and PPAR-gamma. They have some differences ...

Osteoporosis is a common disease affecting the majority of older women and a significant minority of older men. It is defined as the gradual reduction in bone strength with advancing age, particularly in post-menopause women. Osteoporosis is one of the major and growing health care problems around ...

Androgen is the active metabolic product, 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone, which is produced from the transformation of Testosterone catalyzed by the Steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptides 1 and 2 (S5AR1 and S5AR2) [1], [2]. ...

Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) is a major ligand-activated transcription factor, member of the family nuclear receptors [1]. ESR1 acts via two main pathways: a ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manner [2]. Activated by a ligand, ESR1 ...

In addition to the conventional hormone-dependent regulation of activity of Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ESR1(nuclear) and ESR2 respectively), there is a cross-talk between signal transduction pathways and estrogen receptors [1]. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), ...

Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) is a transcription factor involved in gene expression in the early development of an organism. It belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA ...

EGR1 activates a wide variety of different targets, which are required for cell proliferation, ...

Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a group of phylogenetically unrelated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of a diverse group of genes. Hepatocyte nuclear factors are expressed predominately in the liver. However, HNFs are also expressed and play important roles in a number ...