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Apoptosis and survival_TNFR1 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a potent
cytokine produced by many cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes,
keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in response to inflammation, infection, injury and other
environmental challenges. TNF-alpha elicits a particularly
broad ...
Development_EGFR signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the
ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases that contains four
closely related members EGFR and ERBB2-4. They couple the
binding of the extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways
that regulate diverse ...
Immune response_IL-6 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced
by various types of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes,
fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, mesangial cells and several tumor cells.
IL-6 provokes a broad range of cellular and physiological
responses, ...
Immune response_MIF in innate immunity response [score: 1 (0%)]
The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and
lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly
released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines.
MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...
Immune response_IL-22 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 family of
cytokines. The major sources of IL-22 are activated T cells,
especially upon type 1 polarization, and natural killer (NK) cells [1], [2].
IL-22 acts via a ...
Signal transduction_JNK pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The Mitogen-activated protein kinases 8-10
(JNK(MAPK8-10)) belong to a sub-group of evolutionarily
conserved mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activated primarily by cytokines,
growth factors and by exposure to environmental stress. JNK(MAPK8-10)
activity is regulated through ...
Immune response_TLR signaling pathways [score: 1 (0%)]
Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate
innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules,
mainly chemokines and cytokines [1]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate
signaling cascades through ...
Immune response_IL-1 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages,
endothelial cells, B cells and fibroblasts. IL-1 stimulates a broad spectrum of immune
and inflammatory responses [1], [2].
There are two forms of ...
Cell adhesion_ECM remodeling [score: 1 (0%)]
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is involved in normal physiological processes,
such as embryonic development, reproduction, proliferation, cell motility and adhesion,
wound healing, angiogenesis, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and
metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) ...
Apoptosis and survival_Anti-apoptotic TNFs/NF-kB/Bcl-2 pathway [score: 1 (0%)]
The members of the tumour necrosis factor ligand family (TNFs) may induce both
apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways. TNFs transduces cellular responses through
activation of different TNF-receptors (TNFRs).
One important mechanism of cell survival is the activation of transcription of
different ...
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