Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a T cell derived multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. IL-4 induces Th2 (T helper 2) differentiation, causes macrophage suppression, and stimulates B cell production of Immunoglobulins E, G1 and G4 (IgE, ...

TGF-beta 1 initiates ...

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an integral mediator of the innate immune system. Monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes constitutively express MIF, which is rapidly released after exposure to bacterial toxins and cytokines. MIF exerts potent proinflammatory ...

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pluripotent cytokine involved in inflammation and immune responses as well as in growth factor-dependent cell proliferation, cell cycle, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis [1], [2], [3], ...

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components activate innate immune system of the host and induce secretion of proinflammatory molecules, mainly chemokines and cytokines [1]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate signaling cascades through ...

Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily members 13 and 13b (APRIL and BAFF) and their receptors - Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members 13C, 17 and 13B (BAFF-R, BCMA and TACI) - play important roles in the B-cell and T-cell arms of the immune system ...

IL-12 is an important cytokine involved in production of IFN-gamma by T cells and NK cells, and plays an important role in T-helper ...