DNA damage checkpoints are biochemical pathways that delay or arrest the cell cycle progression in response to the DNA damage. All eukaryotic cells have four phases within the cell cycle, G1, S, G2, and M, and one outside, G0 [1].

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling controls diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration [1], [2], [3].

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a potentially lethal genetic disease that typically results in the development of bronchial inflammation, bronchiectasis, the progressive loss of lung function and, ultimately, death [1].

The upper airways represent a primary site for the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms from inspired air. The ciliated epithelium features several powerful mechanisms for prevention of colonization by inhaled bacteria, thus the lower respiratory tract usually remains sterile [1].

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a potentially lethal genetic disease that typically results in the development of bronchial inflammation, bronchiectasis, the progressive loss of lung function and ultimately death [1].

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a potentially lethal genetic disease that typically results in the development of bronchial inflammation, bronchiectasis, the progressive loss of lung function and, ultimately, death [1].