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Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. One of the best characterized stimulus-induced transcription factors is cyclic AMP (cAMP) responsive element binding ...

Transcription_Receptor-mediated HIF regulation [score: 1 (0%)]

Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induce Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A) [1], [2] and HIF-induced Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression [1], ...

Development_Role of HDAC and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) in control of skeletal myogenesis [score: 1 (0%)]

There are two families of transcription factors that play pivotal roles during mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. One of them includes MyoD family proteins (also called myogenic regulatory factors or MRFs), with four members Myf5, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD), Myogenin (MYOG), ...

Development_EGFR signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases that contains four closely related members EGFR and ERBB2-4. They couple the binding of the extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways that regulate diverse ...

Development_VEGF-family signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of ligands and receptors is crucial for vascular development and neovascularization in physiological and pathological processes in both embryos, and in adults [1].

VEGFs belong to a family of homodimeric glycoproteins ...

Cytoskeleton remodeling_FAK signaling [score: 1 (0%)]

The biological importance of PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2, or Focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1)-mediated signal transduction is underscored by the fact that this tyrosine kinase plays a fundamental role in embryonic development, in control of cell migration, cell cycle progression, and in apoptosis.

Binding ...

G-protein signaling_G-Protein alpha-12 signaling pathway [score: 1 (0%)]

Activation by ligands of G-protein coupled receptors that interact with the trimeric G-protein alpha-12/beta/gamma causes the exchange of GDP for GTP bound to G protein alpha subunits followed by dissociation of the beta/gamma heterodimers. Free alpha and beta/gamma subunits are active and ...

Cell cycle_Regulation of G1/S transition (part 2) [score: 1 (0%)]

The commencement of the cell cycle coincides with the production and the stabilization of the Cyclin D. The D-type cyclins are essential for synchronization of the cell cycle machinery with extracellular signals. [1] Expression and stability of Cyclin D is ...

Development_A2B receptor: action via G-protein alpha s [score: 1 (0%)]

Adenosine A2B receptor influences cell differentiation and proliferation. A2B receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors coupling to classical second messenger pathways, such as modulation of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP) production or the Phospholipase ...

Translation _Regulation of EIF4F activity [score: 1 (0%)]

Protein biosynthesis is largely governed by a cohort of Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF) that mediate specific steps in the initiation process. A rate-limiting step in translation initiation involves formation of the eIF4F complex that recruits ...

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