Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induce Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A) [1], [2] and HIF-induced Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression [1], ...

There are two families of transcription factors that play pivotal roles during mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. One of them includes MyoD family proteins (also called myogenic regulatory factors or MRFs), with four members Myf5, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD), Myogenin (MYOG), ...

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases that contains four closely related members EGFR and ERBB2-4. They couple the binding of the extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signaling pathways that regulate diverse ...

Cell migration is a coordinated process that involves rapid changes in the dynamics of actin filaments, together with the formation and disassembly of cell adhesion sites. External stimuli that control cell migration are transduced into intracellular biochemical signals through the interactions of ...

Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-proteins) are heterotrimeric signaling molecules composed of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, which dissociate receptor-induced exchange on the alpha subunit and beta/gamma heterodimer subunit. The G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate diverse ...

The commencement of the cell cycle coincides with the production and the stabilization of the Cyclin D. The D-type cyclins are essential for synchronization of the cell cycle machinery with extracellular signals. [1] Expression and stability of Cyclin D is ...

TGF-beta 1 initiates ...

Protein biosynthesis is largely governed by a cohort of Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF) that mediate specific steps in the initiation process. A rate-limiting step in translation initiation involves formation of the eIF4F complex that recruits ...

Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF2) is a G-protein that is composed of 3 non-identical subunits, eIF2S1, eIF2S2 and eIF2S3, and catalyzes the first regulated step of protein synthesis initiation, promoting the binding of the initiator tRNA to 40S ribosomal ...

Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor which induces cell dissociation, migration, protection from apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation [1]. Receptor Met proto-oncogene (HGF receptor (Met)) has tyrosine-kinase ...