Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved type of programmed cell death essential for development, homeostasis, and self-defense against infection. It can be triggered by a number of factors including UV- or gamma-irradiation, chemotherapeutic ...

Caspases are the central components of the apoptotic response. The apoptotic caspases are generally divided into two classes: the initiator caspases, which include caspase-2, -8, -9 and -10 and the effector caspases, which include ...

GTPases of the Ras superfamily are activated upon growth factors stimuli and controls a wide range of essential biochemical pathways in all eukaryotic cells. One of the most important functions of Ras proteins is activation of mitogen activated ...

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) belongs to the Rho subgroup of a family of small GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) called monomeric G-proteins. Proteins belonging to the Rho subgroup are involved in cytoskeletal control, regulation ...

Neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog (N-RAS) belongs to Ras family of small GTPases. It serves as a signal transducer from growth factor receptors and activates numerous effector molecules resulting in cell growth, differentiation and survival ...

Extracellular stimuli elicit changes in gene expression in target cells by activating intracellular protein kinase cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. ...

The Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory responses through the regulation of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, growth factors and inducible enzymes. Transcription factors ...

The Tumor protein p53 (p53) plays a critical role in safeguarding the integrity of the genome. Upon activation, p53 binds to the enhancer/promoter elements of downstream target genes and regulates their transcription, through which it initiates ...

Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induce Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A) [1], [2] ...

Death receptors such as FasR belong to a Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) superfamily of receptors involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. FasR is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, but its ligand FasL is expressed mainly in ...