Androgen and Estrogen receptors (Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear)) function as steroid-hormone activated transcription factors. Upon binding the hormone ligand, receptors dissociate from accessory proteins, translocate into the nucleus, dimerize, and then stimulate transcription of androgen and estrogen responsive genes. Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but also play a role in other tissues and processes. Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer and osteoporosis.

Androgen receptor can bind and inhibit action of ESR1 (nuclear) [1].

Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) are important regulators of developmental processes regulating expression of Decorin 16518859, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1), Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) and Paired box 2 (PAX2) [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].

ESR1 (nuclear) targets such as GnRH1, Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (DJ-1) and Myeloperoxidase (PERM) are involved in anti-apoptosis [13], [14], [15], [16]. DJ-1 and PERM also promote defense response [17], [18]. Besides, DJ-1, PAX2 and Androgen receptor target Acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A (PHAP1 (pp32)) regulate gene transcription [19], [20], [21], [22], [23].

Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) may promote spermatogenesis by regulation of WAP four-disulfide core domain 2 (WFDC2) [24], [25], [26], [27].

MAD2 mitotic arrest deficient-like 1 (MAD2a), a common target of Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear), is a regulator of cell cycle [16], [28], [29].

Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) may control cell adhesion and migration by the activation of transcription of PIP, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and (DPP4) [30], [31], [32], [33], [34].

Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) may then influence on cell metabolism by regulation of the expression of different enzymes and transporters, such as: DBH, DPP4, Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), Albumin, Retinol binding protein 3, interstitial (RBP3), Retinol binding protein 7, cellular (RBP7) and Glycine receptor, alpha 2 (GlyRA1) [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42].

Lastly, Androgen receptor and ESR1 (nuclear) regulate transcription of Myoglobin and thereby are possibly involved in the regulation of muscle contraction [22], [37], [43], [44].

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